Raphael Arar is passionate about investigating interaction design for emerging technologies and complex systems. While currently a Principal Designer at Khan Academy, the research and writing for this publication was completed while he was designing for artificial intelligence systems at IBM Research-Almaden. Previously, he led the UX effort for the Apple + IBM partnership and taught in the Media Arts program at the University of Southern California. He holds an MFA from the California Institute of the Arts, a BA from Boston University, and in 2017, he was listed as one of Forbes's "30 under 30 in Enterprise Technology."