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The panoramic view of history and society, which shaped several major schools of nineteenth-century European social philosophy, had been passed onto the early generations of Indian university graduates through college syllabi and textbooks and the speeches made by professors and administrators. At one level, this view implied an acceptance of racial differences between nations; at another, it carried a sense of moral obligation on the part of ‘superior’ nations. This view legitimized imperialism in the name of the destiny of humankind.
Political Agenda of Education
Krishna Kumar
The philosopher Robert Nozick recently asked, ‘What is an intellectual problem?’ and concluded that it had five components.4 The first is a goal or objective which can tell us how to judge outcomes, how to see that an improvement has been achieved. The second is an initial state, the starting situation and the resources available to be used, in this case usually the existing literature. A set of operations that can be used to change the initial state and resources forms the third component of an intellectual problem, perhaps new data and a toolkit of research methods. Constraints are the fourth element, designating certain kinds of operations as inadmissible. The final element is an outcome. A problem has been solved or ameliorated somewhat if a sequence of admissible operations has been carried out so as to change the initial state into an outcome that meets the goal without breaching the constraints in doing so.
Authoring a PhD: How to plan, draft, write and finish a doctoral thesis or dissertation
Patrick Dunleavy
These elites believe and promote the idea that social change should be pursued principally through the free market and voluntary action, not public life and the law and the reform of the systems that people share in common; that it should be supervised by the winners of capitalism and their allies, and not be antagonistic to their needs; and that the biggest beneficiaries of the status quo should play a leading role in the status quo’s reform.
Winners Take All
Anand Giridharadas
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