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Despite the efforts of such writers as Fromm and Marcuse, Freudian moral psychology cannot be used to define social goals, goals for humanity as opposed to goals for individuals. There is no way to force Freud into a Platonic mold by treating him as a moral philosopher who supplies universal criteria for goodness or rightness or true happiness. His only utility lies in his ability to turn us away from the universal to the concrete, from the attempt to find necessary truths, ineliminable beliefs, to
the idiosyncratic contingencies of our individual pasts, to the blind im press all our behavings bear. He has provided us with a moral psychology which is compatible with Nietzsche's and Bloom's attempt to see the strong poet as the archetypal human being.
Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity
Richard Rorty
What does it mean to be a bestselling author when the world is breaking? What does it mean to be considered a 'success' when the world is failing and everything you care about is being decimated? What is the moral way to be? The moral thing to do?
Arundhati Roy: 'The Damage to Indian Democracy Is Not Reversible'
Arundhati Roy
According to Habermas, the systems of money and power cut deep channels into the surface of social life, with the result that agents fall naturally into pre-established patterns of instrumental behaviour. For example, anyone who works for a company, whether a top executive or lowly employee, will be guided by their role into patterns of action in pursuit of financial aims. Since the aims of instrumental action are determined antecedently and independently of reaching consensus, most of the ultimate goals to which the actions of those in the system are directed are pre-set, not chosen by them. Moreover, they will not always be apparent to the agents who work to realize them.
Habermas - A Very Short Introduction
James Gordon Finlayson; Christine Williams
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