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Hence one of our characteristic modern problems: some members of the meritocracy, as most moderate reformers admit, have become so impressed with their own importance as to lose sympathy with the people whom they govern, and so tactless that even people of low calibre have been quite unnecessarily offended.
The Rise of the Meritocracy
Michael Young
This sophomore group, in contrast, was looking at the feedback they were getting and thinking hard about it. They were processing what they had seen in others’ work and trying to figure out how to apply it to their own. They were given the space to do it and an incentive to keep working, which heightened their motivation. When I’d taught, my students felt the grade I’d given described them. But this sophomore class understood the score described only their level of performance on a specific skill at that particular time. If they didn’t like it, they had the ability to change it.
Vul and Pashler wanted to find out if the same effect extends to occasion noise: can you get closer to the truth by combining two guesses from the same person, just as you do when you combine the guesses of different people? As they discovered, the answer is yes. Vul and Pashler gave this finding an evocative name: the crowd within.
Noise
Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony, and Cass R. Sunstein
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