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En principe, les totaux des flux entrants et sortants devraient chaque année s’équilibrer au niveau mondial. La complexité de ces opérations statistiques pourrait certes entraîner de légers écarts, mais qui devraient alors aller dans les deux sens, et s’équilibrer au cours du temps. Or il existe depuis les années 1980-1990 une tendance systématique à ce que les flux sortants de revenus du capital dépassent les flux entrants. Ces anomalies permettent d’estimer que les actifs financiers détenus dans les paradis fiscaux et non enregistrés dans les autres pays atteignaient au début des années 2010 près de 10 % du total des actifs financiers mondiaux. Tout indique en outre que la progression a continué depuis lors.
Capital Et Idéologie
Thomas Piketty
By offering a reward, a principal signals to the agent that the task is undesirable. (If the task were desirable, the agent wouldn’t need a prod.) But that initial signal, and the reward that goes with it, forces the principal onto a path that’s difficult to leave. Offer too small a reward and the agent won’t comply. But offer a reward that’s enticing enough to get the agent to act the first time, and the principal “is doomed to give it again in the second.” There’s no going back. Pay your son to take out the trash—and you’ve pretty much guaranteed the kid will never do it again for free. What’s more, once the initial money buzz tapers off, you’ll likely have to increase the payment to continue compliance. As Suvorov explains, “Rewards are addictive in that once offered, a contingent reward makes an agent expect it whenever a similar task is faced, which in turn compels the principal to use rewards over and over again.” And before long, the existing reward may no longer suffice. It will quickly feel less like a bonus and more like the status quo—which then forces the principal to offer larger rewards to achieve the same effect.
Any extrinsic reward should be unexpected and offered only after the task is complete.
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