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computer programs can learn to play chess, drive cars, diagnose diseases and invest money in the stock market. In all these fields they might increasingly outperform old-fashioned humans, but will have to compete against each other. They will thus confront new forms of evolutionary pressures. As a thousand computer programs invest money in the stock market, each adopting different strategies, many will go bust but some will become billionaires. In the process, they will evolve remarkable skills that humans can neither rival nor understand. Such a program could not explain its investment strategy to a Sapiens, for the same reason that a Sapiens could not explain Wall Street to a chimpanzee. Many of us might eventually work for such programs, which will decide not only where to invest money, but also whom to hire for a particular job, whom to give a mortgage to and whom to send to prison.
Sapiens
Yuval Noah Harari
Years Before the Present 13.8 billion Matter and energy appear. Beginning of physics. Atoms and molecules appear. Beginning of chemistry. 4.5 billion Formation of planet Earth. 3.8 billion Emergence of organisms. Beginning of biology. 6 million Last common grandmother of humans and chimpanzees. 2.5 million Humans evolve in Africa. First stone tools. 2 million Humans spread from Africa to Eurasia. Evolution of different human species. 500,000 Neanderthals evolve in Europe and the Middle East. 300,000 Daily usage of fire. 200,000 Homo sapiens evolves in East Africa. 70,000 The Cognitive Revolution. Emergence of fictive language. Beginning of history. Sapiens spread out of Africa. 45,000 Sapiens settle Australia. Extinction of Australian megafauna. 30,000 Extinction of Neanderthals. 16,000 Sapiens settle America. Extinction of American megafauna. 13,000 Extinction of Homo floresiensis. Homo sapiens the only surviving human species. 12,000 The Agricultural Revolution. Domestication of plants and animals. Permanent settlements. 5,000 First kingdoms, script and money. Polytheistic religions. 4,250 First empire – the Akkadian Empire of Sargon. 2,500 Invention of coinage – a universal money. The Persian Empire – a universal political order ‘for the benefit of all humans’. Buddhism in India – a universal truth ‘to liberate all beings from suffering’. 2,000 Han Empire in China. Roman Empire in the Mediterranean. Christianity. 1,400 Islam. 500 The Scientific Revolution. Humankind admits its ignorance and begins to acquire unprecedented power. Europeans begin to conquer America and the oceans. The entire planet becomes a single historical arena. The rise of capitalism. 200 The Industrial Revolution. Family and community are replaced by state and market. Massive extinction of plants and animals. The Present Humans transcend the boundaries of planet Earth. Nuclear weapons threaten the survival of humankind. Organisms are increasingly shaped by intelligent design rather than natural selection. The Future Intelligent design becomes the basic principle of life? First nonorganic life forms? Homo sapiens is replaced by superhumans?
Sapiens
Yuval Noah Harari
INTERROGATOR: Do you understand Trisolaran civilization? YE WENJIE: No. We received only very limited information. No one has real, detailed knowledge of Trisolaran civilization except Mike Evans and other core members of the Adventists who intercepted their messages. INTERROGATOR: Then why do you have such hope for it, thinking that it can reform and perfect human society? YE: If they can cross the distance between the stars to come to our world, their science must have developed to a very advanced stage. A society with such advanced science must also have more advanced moral standards. INTERROGATOR: Do you think this conclusion you drew is scientific? YE:… INTERROGATOR: Let me presume to guess: Your father was deeply influenced by your grandfather’s belief that only science could save China. And you were deeply influenced by your father. YE: (sighing quietly) I don’t know.
The Three-Body Problem
Cixin Liu and Ken Liu
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