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Charismatic leadership is a relationship between a leader and a group of followers that has the following properties: 1. The leader is perceived by the followers as somehow superhuman. 2. The followers blindly believe the leader’s statements. 3. The followers unconditionally comply with the leader’s directives for action. 4. The followers give the leader unqualified emotional support. In fact, each of these properties relates to a perception, belief, or response of the followers. But Willner nevertheless devotes the majority of her scholarly energies to analyzing the leaders who elicit these responses, paying scant attention to the psychology of the followers. Thus Willner has committed the same sin of omission as the authors of the earlier reviews
Dangerous Charisma
Jerrold Post, Stephanie Doucette
He explained that the first step to improving airway obstruction wasn’t orthodontics but instead involved maintaining correct “oral posture.” Anyone could do this, and it was free. It just meant holding the lips together, teeth lightly touching, with your tongue on the roof of the mouth. Hold the head up perpendicular to the body and don’t kink the neck. When sitting or standing, the spine should form a J-shape—perfectly straight until it reaches the small of the back, where it naturally curves outward. While maintaining this posture, we should always breathe slowly through the nose into the abdomen. Our bodies and airways are designed to work best in this posture, both Mews agreed. Look at any Greek statue, or a drawing by Leonardo, or an ancient portrait. Everyone shared this J-shape. But if we look around public spaces today, it’s obvious that most people have shoulders hunched forward, neck extended outward, and an S-shaped spine. “A bunch of village idiots, that’s what we’ve become,” shouted Mike. He then assumed this “idiot” position, inhaled a few short, puffy, open-mouth breaths, and looked around dumbly. “It’s bloody killing us!” Many of us adopted this S-posture not because of laziness but because our tongues don’t fit properly in our too-small mouths. Having nowhere else to go, the tongue falls back into the throat, creating a mild suffocation. At night, we choke and cough, attempting to push air in and out of this obstructed airway. This, of course, is sleep apnea, and a quarter of Americans suffer from it. By day, we unconsciously attempt to open our obstructed airways by sloping our shoulders, craning our necks forward, and tilting our heads up. “Think of someone who is unconscious and about to receive CPR,” Mike said. The first thing a medic does is tilt the head back to open the throat. We’ve adopted this CPR posture all the time. Our bodies hate this position. The weight of the sloping head stresses the back muscles, leading to back pain; the kink in our necks adds pressure to the brain stem, triggering headaches and other neurological problems; the tilted angle of our faces stretches the skin down from the eyes, thins the upper lip, pulls flesh down on the nasal bone. Because “the village idiot stare” doesn’t sound scientific, Mike calls this posture “cranial dystrophy.” He claims it affects about 50 percent of the modern population, including Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook.
Two decades later, the incident remained fresh to Veeck. “Were it in my power to turn back the clock,” he observed, “I’d never send a midget to bat. No, I’d use nine of the little fellows, including the designated hitter.” Veeck speculated that his tombstone would probably read HE SENT A MIDGET UP TO BAT, but he hoped that the epitaph would instead read HE HELPED THE LITTLE MAN.
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