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Edison now went to work on his own and constructed a similar machine for himself, in order to study the principle of the thing. It incorporated the initial discovery that the sound-induced vibrations of a diaphragm could open and close an electrical circuit (by the make-and-break contact principle) thus acting on an electromagnet at the receiving station and causing it to give forth a corresponding sound or pitch. Edison found that while words were only indistinctly perceptible on the Reis apparatus, “the inflections of the voice, the modulations of interrogation, wonder, command, etc., attained distinct expression.”188 He attempted at first some electrochemical experiments with the simple Reis transmitter, then realized that one of the main problems would be to control and balance the variations of current. Shortly before moving to Menlo Park he had devised an apparatus for analyzing the various waves produced by different sounds. It consisted of two hollow metallic cylinders, one inside the other with a metallic base acting as a diaphragm. To this diaphragm was attached a magnet, which ran through the center of a coil and acted as a miniature generator, inducing slight currents in the coil according to the sound vibrations of the diaphragm. On January 14, 1876, he filed a caveat and drawings with the United States Patent Office, giving warning of this invention-in-progress and describing it. Then he put the matter aside, busying himself with other aspects of acoustical telegraphy and with several completely unrelated projects. Edison was late in entering the race for the telephone; half a dozen expert men had begun the investigation of the speaking telegraph years before him. He also showed great courage in undertaking such work in view of the fact that he was very hard of hearing.
Making music with others is a profoundly intimate experience. Philosopher Bennett Reimer described it as a self-combined-with-other-selves experience in which individuality and community are fused in service of original musical expression. So powerful is this experience in enhancing both the sense of self and the sense of self united with other selves as to change the inner lives of all who have been privileged to undergo it.2 Practice with others. You’ll find that bouncing ideas off another musician will go a long way toward improving your own approach and clarifying what you need to do next. And the very best part about practicing with others is that it’s fun. It can be lonely sitting in a practice room all alone, hour after hour, day after day. Practicing with other people is much more enjoyable. Sometimes, there is beer. And fire. And stars.
The Practice of Practice
Jonathan Harnum
Reluctantly, I punched out the message. Name of new brand is… A lot of things were rolling around in my head, consciously, unconsciously. First, Johnson had pointed out that seemingly all iconic brands—Clorox, Kleenex, Xerox—have short names. Two syllables or less. And they always have a strong sound in the name, a letter like “K” or “X,” that sticks in the mind. That all made sense. And that all described Nike. Also, I liked that Nike was the goddess of victory. What’s more important, I thought, than victory? I might have heard, in the far recesses of my mind, Churchill’s voice. You ask, What is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory. I might have recalled the victory medal awarded to all veterans of World War II, a bronze medallion with Athena Nike on the front, breaking a sword in two. I might have. Sometimes I believe that I did. But in the end I don’t really know what led me to my decision. Luck? Instinct? Some inner spirit? Yes. “What’d you decide?” Woodell asked me at the end of the day. “Nike,” I mumbled. “Hm,” he said. “Yeah, I know,” I said. “Maybe it’ll grow on us,” he said. Maybe.
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