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Such explanations are readily available. One area of research was particularly damaging to Skinner’s theory.
Brown and Jenkins (1968) discovered autoshaping, a procedure whereby Pavlovian procedures can induce key-pecking in pigeons (the procedure can be modified to produce bar-pressing in rats). Thus, the key-peck and the bar-press, the two paradigmatic operants, became respondents. A broader review (Mills 1988) shows that, when hungry or thirsty, rats and pigeons emit instinctively based food- or water-gaining responses. Thus, pigeons peck with the beak closed when they are hungry and the beak open when they are thirsty, while rats will grasp and gnaw at an object associated with food (e.g., the lever in the Skinner box).
Cognitive and sociocultural explanations will have to be found to explain human responses to rewards and punishments
Encyclopedia of the History of Psychological Theories
Robert W. Rieber
Der Zusatznutzen bestand in der Erniedrigung des Gefangenen durch die anale Penetration, die zusammen mit Waterboarding und Schlafentzug den angestrebten Zustand der "erlernten Hilflosigkeit" herbeiführte.
Die "Schwarze Psychologie" Der CIA | Psychology
psycholo.gy
Nichole Quick, the health officer in Orange County, seeing the virus rampaging through her community, had issued a mask order only to have the CDC waffle about the need for masks. She’d been run out of her job and, finally, for fear of her safety, the state.
The Premonition
Michael Lewis
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